---
title: "Purine content of foods: the measured reference"
canonical_url: https://www.gout-life.com/food/purine-table/
updated: 2026-10-29
medical_review: pending
---

# Purine content of foods: the measured reference

> General educational information, not medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

Use this table to compare measured purine content—not to predict your next flare. It contains all **501 food records** and **15 beverage records** from the project’s extract of the USDA and ODS-NIH Purine Content of Foods database, Release 3, September 2026. Similar food names are retained as separate records when the source does so. [S26] [S27] [S28]

## Before you compare

- **Match the food and preparation.** Raw, cooked, dried, and rehydrated foods are not interchangeable.
- **Check the denominator.** Foods use mg total purines per 100 g; beverages use mg per 100 mL.
- **Keep portion size in mind.** A 100-gram reference is not a recommended serving.
- **Read ND correctly.** It means not detected, not established zero. Dashes in source component or uncertainty fields mean unavailable.
- **Look at the source.** Many entries use limited samples or older measurements from different countries. The sample count is shown as *n*. [S27] [S28]

Display values are rounded to one decimal; downloadable CSV and JSON retain source precision. Preparation symbols in food names are retained from the workbook; consult its notes and the data guide for their definitions. Do not silently average similar entries. [S27] [S28]

## A portion example

A matching food measured at 120 mg per 100 g would contain about 90 mg in a 75 g portion: 120 × 75 ÷ 100. That is arithmetic, rather than a suggested serving or daily allowance. Do not apply this gram calculation directly to a beverage value per 100 mL. [S27]

## What the table leaves out

Composition alone does not predict a flare. Plant and animal foods differ in their observed associations; alcohol and sugar can matter even when purines are low. Use the reference alongside balanced nutrition and your care plan. It does not replace indicated urate-lowering treatment. [S02] [S15] [S30]



## Complete food table

All 501 source food records are included below in workbook order. Numbers are **mg total purines per 100 g** of the named food state. Display is rounded to one decimal; CSV/JSON retain original source precision. ND is not detected. Similar names in different source tables are not duplicate errors or values to average. Country identifies the analytical/publication origin and does not necessarily establish where the sample was grown or produced. [S27] [S28]

[Full food CSV](https://www.gout-life.com/downloads/food-purines.csv) · [Food JSON](https://www.gout-life.com/downloads/food-purines.json) · [Original workbook](https://www.gout-life.com/downloads/usda-purines-release-3-2026.xlsx) · [Data guide](https://www.gout-life.com/resources/data-provenance/)

| Food description (retain named preparation) | Total purines (mg/100 g) | n | Source country/region | Source table and row |
| --- | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| Beef brain, raw | 162.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r7 |
| Beef heart, raw | 171.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r8 |
| Beef kidney, cooked | 230.8 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r9 |
| Beef kidney, raw | 213.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r10 |
| Beef liver, raw | 197.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r11 |
| Beef, liver, raw | 139.2 | 3 | USA | Table1-r12 |
| Beef, liver, cooked⧗ | 211.3 | 3 | USA | Table1-r13 |
| Beef chuck roast, boneless, choice, raw | 156.6 | 6 | USA | Table1-r15 |
| Beef flank steak, boneless, choice, raw | 98.6 | 6 | USA | Table1-r16 |
| Beef, ground, 73% lean meat / 27% fat, raw | 133.3 | 6 | USA | Table1-r17 |
| Beef, ground, 73% lean meat / 27% fat, cooked⧗ | 233.3 | 6 | USA | Table1-r18 |
| Beef, ground, 80% lean meat / 20% fat, raw | 160.9 | 6 | USA | Table1-r19 |
| Beef, ground, 93% lean meat / 7% fat, raw | 188.9 | 8 | USA | Table1-r20 |
| Beef, ground, 93% lean meat / 7% fat, cooked⧗ | 251.9 | 8 | USA | Table1-r21 |
| Beef, ground, cooked (unspecified) | 89.9 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r22 |
| Beef ribeye, steak, boneless, choice, raw | 173.9 | 6 | USA | Table1-r23 |
| Beef roast, cooked (unspecified) | 124.8 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r24 |
| Beef shoulder roast, choice, boneless, raw | 163.9 | 6 | USA | Table1-r25 |
| Beef shoulder roast, choice, boneless, cooked⧗ | 193.4 | 6 | USA | Table1-r26 |
| Beef, sirloin, raw | 124.8 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r27 |
| Bread, crusty (baguette) | 15.7 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r29 |
| Bread, white | 12.2 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r30 |
| Corn cereal | 1.0 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r31 |
| Oats, plain, whole grain, uncookedᛒ | 57.1 | 3 | USA | Table1-r32 |
| Rice, white, cooked | 5.9 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r33 |
| Whole-grain wheat flour | 11.5 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r34 |
| Cheese, American | 7.0 | 8 | USA | Table1-r36 |
| Cheese, cottage | 8.0 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r37 |
| Cheese, Monterey Jack | 9.1 | 8 | USA | Table1-r38 |
| Cheese, Provolone | 12.6 | 8 | USA | Table1-r39 |
| Cheese, processed (unspecified) | 2.0 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r40 |
| Cheese, queso cotija | 8.6 | 7 | USA | Table1-r41 |
| Cheese, queso fresco | 0.7 | 8 | USA | Table1-r42 |
| Cheese, queso Oaxaca | 7.9 | 8 | USA | Table1-r43 |
| Egg, white, boiled | 0.7 | 4 | USA | Table1-r44 |
| Egg, yolk, boiled | 0.5 | 4 | USA | Table1-r45 |
| Milk, 2% fat | 0.6 | 6 | USA | Table1-r46 |
| Yogurt, regular, nonfat, plain | 8.3 | 8 | USA | Table1-r47 |
| Yogurt, plain | 7.0 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r48 |
| Anchovy, canned | 321.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r50 |
| Anchovy, raw | 411.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r51 |
| Catfish, farmed, raw§ | 173.2 | 10 | USA | Table1-r52 |
| Catfish, farmed, cooked⧗,§ | 124.2 | 3 | USA | Table1-r53 |
| Clams, canned | 62.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r54 |
| Clams, raw | 136.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r55 |
| Cod, mixed species, wild, raw§ | 109.6 | 11 | USA | Table1-r56 |
| Cod, mixed species, wild, cooked⧗,§ | 141.0 | 3 | USA | Table1-r57 |
| Crab, blue, lump, pasteurized | 147.7 | 8 | USA | Table1-r58 |
| Crab, blue, prepared | 113.7 | 3 | USA | Table1-r59 |
| Herring, canned | 378.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r60 |
| Lobster, cooked, steamed | 90.8 | 3 | USA | Table1-r61 |
| Lobster, tail only, frozen, wild caught | 84.7 | 6 | USA | Table1-r62 |
| Mackerel, canned | 246.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r63 |
| Mackerel, raw (unspecified) | 194.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r64 |
| Oysters, canned | 107.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r65 |
| Oysters, cooked, steamed | 162.9 | 3 | USA | Table1-r66 |
| Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, raw§ | 229.3 | 11 | USA | Table1-r67 |
| Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, cooked⧗,§ | 172.4 | 3 | USA | Table1-r68 |
| Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, skin only, raw | 403.9 | 3 | USA | Table1-r69 |
| Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, skin only, cooked⧗ | 335.4 | 3 | USA | Table1-r70 |
| Salmon, canned | 88.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r71 |
| Salmon, mixed species, raw | 250.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r72 |
| Salmon, sockeye, wild, raw | 259.8 | 8 | USA | Table1-r73 |
| Sardine, canned | 399.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r74 |
| Sardine, raw | 345.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r75 |
| Scallops, bay, Patagonian, wild, frozen | 101.6 | 6 | USA | Table1-r76 |
| Scallops, sea, wild, frozen | 89.6 | 6 | USA | Table1-r77 |
| Shrimp, mixed species, farmed, rawƗ | 157.1 | 10 | USA | Table1-r78 |
| Shrimp, mixed species, farmed, cooked⧗,Ɨ | 85.1 | 3 | USA | Table1-r79 |
| Shrimp, raw, frozen (no further unspecified) | 234.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r80 |
| Snow crab, legs only, frozen | 79.6 | 6 | USA | Table1-r81 |
| Squid (calamari), frozen, tubes only | 33.9 | 6 | USA | Table1-r82 |
| Squid, raw (unspecified) | 135.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r83 |
| Tilapia, farmed, raw | 185.8 | 7 | USA | Table1-r84 |
| Tilapia, farmed, frozen§ | 121.6 | 3 | USA | Table1-r85 |
| Tilapia, farmed, frozen, cooked⧗,§ | 176.1 | 3 | USA | Table1-r86 |
| Tuna, canned | 142.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r87 |
| Tuna, canned, drained solids | 211.8 | 6 | USA | Table1-r88 |
| Tuna, yellowfin, wild, raw§ | 188.6 | 3 | USA | Table1-r89 |
| Tuna, yellowfin, wild, cooked⧗,§ | 242.5 | 3 | USA | Table1-r90 |
| Whitefish, raw | 122.2 | 2 | Canada | Table1-r91 |
| Blackberries, raw | 3.7 | 3 | USA | Table1-r93 |
| Blueberries, raw | 2.9 | 3 | USA | Table1-r94 |
| Grapes, red, seedless, raw | 1.9 | 3 | USA | Table1-r95 |
| Pineapple, raw | 1.8 | 3 | USA | Table1-r96 |
| Lamb heart, raw | 171.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r98 |
| Lamb liver, raw | 147.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r99 |
| Bison, ground, raw | 99.8 | 4 | USA | Table1-r101 |
| Lamb chops and roast, raw | 127.5 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r102 |
| Lamb, chops, raw | 111.3 | 3 | USA | Table1-r103 |
| Lamb, chops, cooked⧗ | 136.5 | 3 | USA | Table1-r104 |
| Lamb, ground, raw | 88.4 | 4 | USA | Table1-r105 |
| Veal cutlet, cooked | 142.7 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r106 |
| Beans, adzuki, dried, raw | 162.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r108 |
| Beans, black, cannedᚻ | 24.1 | 6 | USA | Table1-r109 |
| Beans, cranberry, dried, raw | 75.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r110 |
| Beans, great northern, dried, raw | 213.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r111 |
| Beans, kidney, dark red, cannedᚻ | 23.4 | 6 | USA | Table1-r112 |
| Beans, navy, cannedᚻ | 21.2 | 6 | USA | Table1-r113 |
| Beans, pinto, cannedᚻ | 25.2 | 6 | USA | Table1-r114 |
| Beans, pinto, dried, raw | 171.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r115 |
| Beans, small white, dried, raw | 202.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r116 |
| Blackeye peas, cannedᚻ | 34.8 | 6 | USA | Table1-r117 |
| Blackeye peas, dried, raw | 230.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r118 |
| Chickpeas (garbanzo beans), cannedᚻ | 21.6 | 6 | USA | Table1-r119 |
| Chickpeas (garbanzo beans), cooked | 11.2 | 3 | USA | Table1-r120 |
| Chickpeas (garbanzo beans), dried, raw | 56.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r121 |
| Lentils, dried, raw | 222.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r122 |
| Lima beans, baby, dried, raw | 144.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r123 |
| Lima beans, large, dried, raw | 149.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r124 |
| Peas, green, sweet, cannedᚻ | 72.4 | 6 | USA | Table1-r125 |
| Peas, split, dried, raw | 195.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r126 |
| Almonds, whole, raw | 23.4 | 3 | USA | Table1-r128 |
| Cashews, raw | 44.6 | 3 | USA | Table1-r129 |
| Peanuts, raw | 42.9 | 3 | USA | Table1-r130 |
| Peanut butter, creamy | 39.8 | 3 | USA | Table1-r131 |
| Pistachio nuts, raw | 50.9 | 3 | USA | Table1-r132 |
| Walnuts, English, halves, raw | 15.7 | 3 | USA | Table1-r133 |
| Pork, liver, raw | 289.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r135 |
| Pork, liver, raw | 192.4 | 1 | USA | Table1-r136 |
| Pork, cured, bacon, unprepared | 140.7 | 6 | USA | Table1-r138 |
| Pork, cured, bacon, cooked⧗ | 428.8 | 6 | USA | Table1-r139 |
| Pork, ground, raw | 183.1 | 5 | USA | Table1-r140 |
| Pork loin, boneless, skinless, raw | 237.2 | 6 | USA | Table1-r141 |
| Pork loin, boneless, skinless, cooked⧗ | 333.5 | 6 | USA | Table1-r142 |
| Pork loin, tenderloin, boneless, raw | 244.0 | 6 | USA | Table1-r143 |
| Pork roast and chops, cooked | 119.8 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r144 |
| Pork sausage, uncured, link/patty, raw | 160.1 | 6 | USA | Table1-r145 |
| Pork sausage, uncured, link/patty, cooked⧗ | 213.2 | 6 | USA | Table1-r146 |
| Chicken gizzard, raw | 130.5 | 12 | USA | Table1-r148 |
| Chicken, gizzards, raw | 121.3 | 3 | USA | Table1-r149 |
| Chicken, gizzards, cooked⧗ | 124.1 | 3 | USA | Table1-r150 |
| Chicken heart, raw | 125.4 | 1 | USA | Table1-r151 |
| Chicken liver, raw | 243.0 | 1 | USA | Table1-r152 |
| Chicken liver, raw | 236.1 | 12 | USA | Table1-r153 |
| Chicken breast, boneless, skinless, raw | 288.5 | 6 | USA | Table1-r155 |
| Chicken breast, boneless, skinless, cooked⧗ | 368.6 | 6 | USA | Table1-r156 |
| Chicken breast, raw | 174.9 | 36 | USA | Table1-r157 |
| Chicken breast, raw | 130.7 | 25 | USA | Table1-r158 |
| Chicken breast, roasted | 178.5 | 12 | USA | Table1-r159 |
| Chicken breast, stewed | 183.5 | 24 | USA | Table1-r160 |
| Chicken drumstick, raw | 132.7 | 25 | USA | Table1-r161 |
| Chicken neck, raw | 122.9 | 10 | USA | Table1-r162 |
| Chicken skin (from drumsticks and thighs), braised | 93.8 | 24 | USA | Table1-r163 |
| Chicken skin, raw | 58.9 | 24 | USA | Table1-r164 |
| Chicken skin, raw | 106.3 | 25 | USA | Table1-r165 |
| Chicken thigh, raw | 141.7 | 65 | USA | Table1-r166 |
| Chicken thigh, roasted | 148.9 | 16 | USA | Table1-r167 |
| Chicken thigh, stewed | 146.3 | 24 | USA | Table1-r168 |
| Chicken, ground, raw | 158.7 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r169 |
| Chicken, ground, raw | 235.6 | 6 | USA | Table1-r170 |
| Poultry, mechanically deboned, from backs and necks with skin, raw | 93.6 | 10 | USA | Table1-r171 |
| Poultry, mechanically deboned, from backs and necks with skin, raw | 72.9 | 2 | Canada | Table1-r172 |
| Poultry, mechanically deboned, from mature hens, raw | 79.8 | 3 | Canada | Table1-r173 |
| Turkey, ground, raw | 96.0 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r174 |
| Turkey, ground, raw | 95.7 | 6 | USA | Table1-r175 |
| Turkey, mechanically deboned, from turkey frames, raw | 79.1 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r176 |
| Frankfurter, beef, unheated | 114.9 | 6 | USA | Table1-r178 |
| Frankfurter, beef, heated⧗ | 115.2 | 6 | USA | Table1-r179 |
| Frankfurter, mixed meat, unheated | 169.5 | 5 | USA | Table1-r180 |
| Frankfurter, mixed meat, heated⧗ | 159.3 | 5 | USA | Table1-r181 |
| Luncheon meat, ham, ready-to-eat | 250.4 | 6 | USA | Table1-r182 |
| Luncheon meat, turkey, ready-to-eat | 235.2 | 6 | USA | Table1-r183 |
| Luncheon meat (unspecified) | 58.3 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r184 |
| Salami, genoa, pork, beef | 246.2 | 3 | USA | Table1-r185 |
| Salami, dry or hard, pork, beef | 215.1 | 3 | USA | Table1-r186 |
| Asparagus, raw | 30.7 | 3 | USA | Table1-r188 |
| Brussels sprouts, raw | 38.8 | 8 | USA | Table1-r189 |
| Cabbage, bok choy, raw | 10.0 | 8 | USA | Table1-r190 |
| Cauliflower, raw | 33.0 | 8 | USA | Table1-r191 |
| Collards, raw | 26.1 | 8 | USA | Table1-r192 |
| Mushrooms (not further specified), raw | 46.9 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r193 |
| Mushrooms, canned | 24.6 | 1 | Canada | Table1-r194 |
| Squash, winter, butternut, raw | 9.2 | 8 | USA | Table1-r195 |
| Beef heart, raw | 184.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r7 |
| Beef kidney, raw | 174.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r8 |
| Beef large intestine, raw | 88.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r9 |
| Beef liver, raw | 219.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r10 |
| Beef stomach, raw | 84.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r11 |
| Beef tongue, raw | 90.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r12 |
| Beef brisket, raw | 79.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r14 |
| Beef chuck ribs, raw | 77.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r15 |
| Beef clod (shoulder), raw | 103.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r16 |
| Beef front, raw (unspecified) | 77.4 | 1 | Czech Republic | Table2-r17 |
| Beef neck, raw | 100.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r18 |
| Beef rib loin, raw | 74.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r19 |
| Beef round (topside), cooked | 143.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r20 |
| Beef round (topside), raw | 123.0 | 2 | Japan | Table2-r21 |
| Beef shin, raw | 106.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r22 |
| Beef sirloin, raw | 90.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r23 |
| Beef, tenderloin, raw | 98.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r24 |
| Amazake (fermented drink made from sake lees) | 6.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r26 |
| Fruit juice | 1.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r27 |
| Green tea beverage | 1.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r28 |
| Green tea leaves, dried | 204.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r29 |
| Vegetable juice | 13.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r30 |
| Barley, raw | 44.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r32 |
| Bread (no further specified) | 4.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r33 |
| Bread flour | 25.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r34 |
| Buckwheat flour | 75.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r35 |
| Cake flour | 15.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r36 |
| Gelatin noodle (dried) | 0.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r37 |
| Pastry flour | 25.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r38 |
| Ramen, noodle | 21.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r39 |
| Rice bran | 100.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r40 |
| Rice crackers | 14.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r41 |
| Rice, white, raw3 | 32.6 | 3 | Japan | Table2-r42 |
| Soba (buckwheat noodles) | 7.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r43 |
| Spaghetti | 6.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r44 |
| Udon (wheat noodles) | 12.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r45 |
| Butter | ND | 1 | Japan | Table2-r47 |
| Cheese, grated | 13.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r48 |
| Cream, animal, fresh | 0.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r49 |
| Cream, vegetable, fresh | 0.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r50 |
| Egg, chicken, raw | 0.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r51 |
| Egg, quail, raw | 0.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r52 |
| Margarine | ND | 1 | Japan | Table2-r53 |
| Milk | 0.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r54 |
| Yogurt (not further specified) | 5.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r55 |
| Yogurt, liquid | 1.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r56 |
| Anchovy, dried | 1109.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r58 |
| Anchovy, fresh | 303.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r59 |
| Arabesque greenling, raw | 150.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r60 |
| Ayu, raw | 133.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r61 |
| Barracuda, raw | 147.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r62 |
| Beltfish, raw | 139.3 | 3 | China | Table2-r63 |
| Bonito, dried | 492.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r64 |
| Carp, raw | 103.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r65 |
| Clams, raw | 145.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r66 |
| Clams, raw | 110.2 | 3 | China | Table2-r67 |
| Cod, fresh | 97.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r68 |
| Conger eel, fresh | 95.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r69 |
| Crab ovary, raw | 152.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r70 |
| Crab, red king, raw | 99.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r71 |
| Crab, snow, raw | 136.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r72 |
| Cutlassfish (hairtail), fresh | 385.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r73 |
| Eel, Japanese, raw | 92.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r74 |
| Engawa (flesh of fish fins) | 19.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r75 |
| Fat greenling, raw | 129.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r76 |
| Fish ball, processed | 67.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r77 |
| Fish product (hanpen), processed | 12.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r78 |
| Fish product (kamaboko), processed | 26.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r79 |
| Fish product (narutomaki), processed | 32.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r80 |
| Fish product (sasakamaboko), processed | 47.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r81 |
| Fish product (Satsuma age), processed | 21.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r82 |
| Fish sausage, processed | 22.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r83 |
| Fishcake tube, processed | 47.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r84 |
| Flounder, yellow striped, raw | 113.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r85 |
| Flying fish, raw | 154.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r86 |
| Gnomefish, meat, raw | 150.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r87 |
| Gnomefish, skin, raw | 382.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r88 |
| Halibut, bastard, raw | 133.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r89 |
| Herring, raw | 139.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r90 |
| Lobster, spiny, raw | 102.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r91 |
| Mackerel, fermented (Heshiko) | 207.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r92 |
| Mackerel, jack, half-dried | 245.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r93 |
| Mackerel, Japanese, skin, raw | 1175.0 | 3 | China | Table2-r94 |
| Mackerel, raw (unspecified) | 204.8 | 2 | Japan | Table2-r95 |
| Mackerel, Spanish, raw | 161.9 | 4 | Japan, China | Table2-r96 |
| Milt, cod | 559.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r97 |
| Milt, globefish | 375.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r98 |
| Milt, pigfish, striped, raw | 306.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r99 |
| Monkfish liver, raw | 104.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r100 |
| Monkfish liver, steamed | 398.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r101 |
| Monkfish, raw | 70.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r102 |
| Octopus organs, raw | 79.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r103 |
| Octopus, raw | 137.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r104 |
| Okiami (krill), raw | 225.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r105 |
| Oysters, raw | 122.0 | 4 | Japan, China | Table2-r106 |
| Pacific saury, half-dried | 209.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r107 |
| Pacific saury, raw | 154.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r108 |
| Pigfish, striped, raw | 149.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r109 |
| Red seabream, raw | 129.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r110 |
| Rockfish (Mebaru), raw | 124.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r111 |
| Roe, flying fish, in soy sauce | 91.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r112 |
| Roe, mixed species, raw | 80.8 | 8 | Japan | Table2-r113 |
| Sablefish meat, raw | 123.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r114 |
| Sablefish skin, raw | 66.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r115 |
| Sailfin sandfish, raw | 98.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r116 |
| Salmon, canned | 132.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r117 |
| Salmon, chum, raw | 124.7 | 3 | China | Table2-r118 |
| Salmon, mixed species, raw | 119.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r119 |
| Sardine, baby, dried | 746.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r120 |
| Sardine, fermented (Heshiko) | 116.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r121 |
| Sardine, half-dried | 305.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r122 |
| Sardine, raw | 210.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r123 |
| Scallops, raw | 76.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r124 |
| Sea cucumber, raw | 7.7 | 4 | Japan, China | Table2-r125 |
| Sea urchin, raw | 137.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r126 |
| Seabass, Japanese, liver, raw | 217.7 | 3 | China | Table2-r127 |
| Seabass, Japanese, skin, raw | 1399.7 | 3 | China | Table2-r128 |
| Seabass, mixed species, raw | 107.3 | 10 | Japan, China | Table2-r129 |
| Shad, dotted gizzard | 186.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r130 |
| Shishamo with roe, half-dried | 149.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r131 |
| Shrimp, deep-water | 221.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r132 |
| Shrimp, raw (sand shrimp and Pacific shrimp species) | 177.3 | 6 | China | Table2-r133 |
| Shrimp, raw (unspecified) | 166.5 | 4 | Japan | Table2-r134 |
| Shrimp, Sakura, dried | 748.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r135 |
| Smelt, raw | 94.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r136 |
| Snails, raw | 182.2 | 6 | China | Table2-r137 |
| Squid organs, raw | 59.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r138 |
| Squid, raw (unspecified) | 150.8 | 3 | Japan | Table2-r139 |
| Squid, shredded, dried | 94.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r140 |
| Swordfish (Xiphias), fresh | 132.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r141 |
| Tilefish, raw | 119.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r142 |
| Trout, rainbow, raw | 181.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r143 |
| Tuna (Bonito), raw | 211.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r144 |
| Tuna, canned | 117.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r145 |
| Tuna, raw (unspecified) | 157.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r146 |
| Turbot liver, raw | 264.3 | 3 | China | Table2-r147 |
| Turbot skin, raw | 142.1 | 3 | China | Table2-r148 |
| Turbot, European, raw | 112.2 | 3 | China | Table2-r149 |
| Weather loach, raw | 136.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r150 |
| Whitebait, dried | 471.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r151 |
| Whiting (Sillaginidae), raw | 144.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r152 |
| Yellowtail (amberjack), raw | 120.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r153 |
| Yellowtail, young, fresh | 152.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r154 |
| Avocado, raw | 18.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r156 |
| Bananas, raw | 3.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r157 |
| Goji berry | 5.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r158 |
| Strawberries, raw | 2.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r159 |
| Mutton, raw | 94.9 | 2 | Japan | Table2-r161 |
| Whale, raw | 99.5 | 2 | Japan | Table2-r162 |
| Bean curd lees (Okara) | 48.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r164 |
| Beans, adzuki, dried, raw | 77.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r165 |
| Broad beans, dried, raw | 35.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r166 |
| Chickpeas (garbanzo beans), no further specified | 26.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r167 |
| Miso | 56.1 | 2 | Japan | Table2-r168 |
| Peanuts, raw | 49.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r169 |
| Peas, green | 21.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r170 |
| Peas, red, dried | 25.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r171 |
| Soy milk | 21.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r172 |
| Soy protein concentrate, produced by acid wash | 192.4 | 1 | Czech Republic | Table2-r173 |
| Soy sauce made from soy and wheat (shoyu) | 50.2 | 2 | Japan | Table2-r174 |
| Soybean, black, dried | 67.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r175 |
| Soybean, fermented (Natto) | 113.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r176 |
| Soybeans, dried, raw | 172.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r177 |
| Tofu (Kinu) | 20.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r178 |
| Tofu, boiled 3 minutes | 21.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r179 |
| Tofu, boiled 5 minutes | 35.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r180 |
| Tofu, deep-fried | 54.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r181 |
| Tofu, dried-frozen (koyadofu) | 292.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r182 |
| Tofu, raw (nigari) | 31.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r183 |
| Almonds | 31.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r185 |
| Chia seeds | 58.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r186 |
| Walnuts | 19.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r187 |
| Pate, liver | 80.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r189 |
| Pork heart, raw | 119.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r190 |
| Pork kidney, raw | 195.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r191 |
| Pork liver, raw | 285.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r192 |
| Pork tongue, raw | 104.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r193 |
| Pork neck, raw | 70.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r195 |
| Pork ribs, raw | 75.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r196 |
| Pork rump, raw | 113.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r197 |
| Pork shoulder, raw | 93.7 | 4 | Japan | Table2-r198 |
| Pork sirloin, raw | 90.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r199 |
| Pork tenderloin, raw | 119.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r200 |
| Chicken gizzard, raw | 142.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r202 |
| Chicken heart, raw | 224.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r203 |
| Chicken liver, raw | 302.6 | 2 | Japan, Czech Republic | Table2-r204 |
| Foie gras | 81.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r205 |
| Chicken breast, raw | 141.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r207 |
| Chicken leg, raw | 118.2 | 2 | Japan, Czech Republic | Table2-r208 |
| Chicken skin, raw | 119.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r209 |
| Chicken wing, raw | 137.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r210 |
| Chicken, light meat, raw | 111.3 | 2 | Japan | Table2-r211 |
| Corned beef | 46.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r213 |
| Frankfurter | 49.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r214 |
| Ham, pressed and boneless types | 69.4 | 2 | Japan | Table2-r215 |
| Pork, bacon, unprepared | 61.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r216 |
| Prosciutto (Parma ham) | 138.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r217 |
| Salami | 120.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r218 |
| Sausage, Vienna type | 45.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r219 |
| Cayenne pepper powder | 19.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r221 |
| Curry roux | 16.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r222 |
| Ketchup | 10.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r223 |
| Mayonnaise | 0.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r224 |
| Mirin (cooking wine) | 1.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r225 |
| Mustard | 25.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r226 |
| Rice malt, salted | 13.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r227 |
| Sake lees | 89.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r228 |
| Sauce, barbecue | 14.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r229 |
| Sauce, chili bean, Chinese | 8.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r230 |
| Sauce, fish | 93.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r231 |
| Sauce, oyster | 134.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r232 |
| Soup, Chinese soup type, powdered | 185.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r233 |
| Soup, clam chowder type, powdered | 47.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r234 |
| Soup, consommé type, powdered | 179.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r235 |
| Soup, matsutake type, powdered | 233.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r236 |
| Soup, potage type, powdered | 37.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r237 |
| Soup, ramen noodle, dry | 32.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r238 |
| Soup, stock, Chinese, dried | 508.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r239 |
| Umami broth, powdered | 684.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r240 |
| Wasabi | 0.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r241 |
| Yeast, dried | 847.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r242 |
| Chocolate | 8.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r244 |
| Honey | 0.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r245 |
| Asparagus, raw6 | 32.9 | 2 | Japan | Table2-r247 |
| Balsam pear (goya), raw | 9.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r248 |
| Bamboo shoots, raw6 | 47.2 | 2 | Japan | Table2-r249 |
| Bean sprouts, with bean, raw | 57.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r250 |
| Bean sprouts, without bean, raw | 35.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r251 |
| Brassicaceae (blossom) | 26.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r252 |
| Broccoli sprouts, raw | 129.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r253 |
| Broccoli, boiled | 51.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r254 |
| Broccoli, raw | 70.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r255 |
| Burdock | 5.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r256 |
| Cabbage, chinese (pak-choi), raw | 7.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r257 |
| Cabbage, Chinese (qing-geng-cai) | 12.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r258 |
| Cabbage, raw | 3.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r259 |
| Carrots, raw | 2.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r260 |
| Cauliflower, raw | 57.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r261 |
| Coriander | 39.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r262 |
| Corn, raw | 11.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r263 |
| Cucumber, raw | 9.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r264 |
| Eggplant, raw | 50.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r265 |
| Garland chrysanthemum | 47.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r266 |
| Garlic chives (nira), raw | 19.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r267 |
| Garlic, raw | 17.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r268 |
| Ginger root, raw | 2.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r269 |
| Ginger, Japanese (myoga), raw | 7.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r270 |
| Green beans | 7.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r271 |
| Honewort | 11.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r272 |
| Konnyaku | 0.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r273 |
| Leek, Japanese (negi), raw | 41.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r274 |
| Lettuce | 4.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r275 |
| Lotus root | 0.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r276 |
| Mizuna (potherb mustard) | 20.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r277 |
| Mushroom, bunapii, raw | 30.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r278 |
| Mushroom, hatakeshimeji, raw | 16.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r279 |
| Mushroom, Jew's ear, dried | 155.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r280 |
| Mushroom, tsukuritake, raw | 49.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r281 |
| Mushroom, usu-hiratake, raw | 37.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r282 |
| Mushroom, white aragekikurage, raw | 6.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r283 |
| Mushroom, white hiratake, raw | 66.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r284 |
| Mushroom, yamabushitake, raw | 33.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r285 |
| Mushroom, yanagimatsutake, raw | 26.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r286 |
| Mushrooms, bunashimeji, raw | 20.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r287 |
| Mushrooms, enoki, raw | 49.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r288 |
| Mushrooms, eringi, raw | 13.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r289 |
| Mushrooms, hiratake, raw | 142.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r290 |
| Mushrooms, maitake, raw | 98.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r291 |
| Mushrooms, nameko, raw | 19.1 | 2 | Japan | Table2-r292 |
| Mushrooms, shiitake, dried | 311.6 | 2 | Japan | Table2-r293 |
| Mushrooms, shiitake, raw | 23.1 | 4 | Japan | Table2-r294 |
| Mustard spinach, (komatsuna), mature, raw | 10.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r295 |
| Mustard spinach, (komatsuna), young, raw | 39.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r296 |
| Okra, raw | 39.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r297 |
| Onions, raw | 2.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r298 |
| Paprika, red | 1.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r299 |
| Parsley, fresh | 289.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r300 |
| Parsley, Japanese | 18.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r301 |
| Peas, green, canned | 18.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r302 |
| Peas, podded | 10.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r303 |
| Pepper, green | 2.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r304 |
| Pepper, green, pickled | 3.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r305 |
| Pepper, red (capsicum) | 5.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r306 |
| Pepper, red green | 0.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r307 |
| Pepper, sweet, green, raw | 69.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r308 |
| Perilla leaves, shiso, raw | 41.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r309 |
| Potato, raw | 6.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r310 |
| Pumpkin, raw | 56.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r311 |
| Radish leaf, Japanese | 33.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r312 |
| Radish root, Japanese | 1.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r313 |
| Radish sprouts, white, raw | 73.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r314 |
| Seaweed, hijiki, dried | 132.7 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r315 |
| Seaweed, kombu, dried | 46.4 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r316 |
| Seaweed, mozuku, dried | 15.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r317 |
| Seaweed, nori, dried | 591.5 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r318 |
| Seaweed, wakame, raw | 262.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r319 |
| Sesame | 36.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r320 |
| Soybeans, green, raw | 48.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r321 |
| Spinach, boiled | 39.2 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r322 |
| Spinach, mature, raw | 51.3 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r323 |
| Spinach, young, raw | 171.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r324 |
| Squash, zucchini, raw | 13.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r325 |
| Sweet potato, raw | 17.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r326 |
| Taro | 1.8 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r327 |
| Tomatoes, cherry type, raw | 3.1 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r328 |
| Tomatoes, no further specified | 6.6 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r329 |
| Turnip | 3.9 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r330 |
| Yam, Japanese | 4.0 | 1 | Japan | Table2-r331 |
| ‘Bacon', meatless | 74.4 | 2 | Great Britain | Table2-r333 |
| ‘Chicken', meatless | 77.0 | 2 | Great Britain | Table2-r334 |
| ‘Frankfurter', meatless | 32.0 | 2 | Great Britain | Table2-r335 |
| ‘Sausage', meatless | 45.9 | 9 | Czech Republic, Great Britain | Table2-r336 |
| ‘Vegetarian 'gizzard' from soy | 0.2 | 1 | Vietnam | Table2-r337 |
| Egg white schnitzel (vegetarian ‘steak’) | 39.5 | 1 | Czech Republic | Table2-r338 |
| Ham style vegetarian slices, from mycoprotein | 117.4 | 1 | Great Britain | Table2-r339 |
| Instant-vegetarian dried 'deer' from soy | 115.8 | 1 | Vietnam | Table2-r340 |
| Instant-vegetarian dried 'fish' from soy | 88.6 | 1 | Vietnam | Table2-r341 |
| Luncheon slices, meatless | 97.8 | 2 | Great Britain | Table2-r342 |
| Tofu burger | 102.6 | 1 | Czech Republic | Table2-r343 |
| Vegetarian 'Ba Sa fish' from soy | 82.5 | 1 | Vietnam | Table2-r344 |
| Vegetarian 'meatloaf' or patties | 42.1 | 2 | Czech Republic, Great Britain | Table2-r345 |
| Vegetarian 'quail's eggs' | 0.0 | 1 | Vietnam | Table2-r346 |
| Vegetarian 'steak' from wheat (Robi' schnitzels) | 21.0 | 1 | Czech Republic | Table2-r347 |
| Vegetarian tender 'shrimp' | 0.1 | 1 | Vietnam | Table2-r348 |
| Veggie burgers or soyburgers, unprepared | 65.5 | 7 | Czech Republic, Great Britain | Table2-r349 |
| Vegi 'steak' from soy | 62.1 | 1 | Czech Republic | Table2-r350 |
| Vegideli fish style fingers | 67.3 | 1 | Great Britain | Table2-r351 |

### Alcoholic beverages use a different denominator

Alcohol entries are **mg/100 mL**, not mg/100 g. These composition values do not account for alcohol's other effects on gout. Low measured purines do not make a drink safe or protective. [S02] [S27]

[Separate beverage CSV](https://www.gout-life.com/downloads/beverage-purines.csv) · [Beverage JSON](https://www.gout-life.com/downloads/beverage-purines.json)

| Source beverage description | Total purines (mg/100 mL) | n | Source table and row |
| --- | ---: | ---: | --- |
| Beer for export (higher wort content than typical Austrian Lager) | 10.7 | 1 | Table3-r6 |
| Beer, ‘regular’ type, various brands | 8.5 | 38 | Table3-r7 |
| Beer, dark | 13.5 | 1 | Table3-r8 |
| Beer, from wheat | 8.1 | 1 | Table3-r9 |
| Beer, low alcohol | 4.6 | 12 | Table3-r10 |
| Beer, Pils | 9.8 | 1 | Table3-r11 |
| Brandy | 0.4 | 1 | Table3-r12 |
| Malt beverage, including non-alcoholic beer | 2.9 | 15 | Table3-r13 |
| Radler (beer and lemonade mixture) | 3.6 | 1 | Table3-r14 |
| Sake | 1.4 | 3 | Table3-r15 |
| Shochu (Japanese spirit liquor) | 0.0 | 2 | Table3-r16 |
| Shoko-shu (Chinese liquor) | 9.7 | 2 | Table3-r17 |
| Ume liqueur | 0.2 | 1 | Table3-r18 |
| Whiskey | 0.2 | 2 | Table3-r19 |
| Wine | 1.2 | 3 | Table3-r20 |

## Related pages

- [Understanding dietary purines](https://www.gout-life.com/food/understanding-purines/)
- [Food and drink with gout](https://www.gout-life.com/food/)
- [Alcohol and gout](https://www.gout-life.com/food/alcohol-and-gout/)
- [Uric acid, urate and purines](https://www.gout-life.com/learn/uric-acid-and-purines/)

## Sources

- [S02: 2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10563586/)
- [S15: NICE Evidence Review I: Diet and lifestyle modifications for gout](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK590600/)
- [S26: USDA ARS: Purine content of foods dataset landing page](https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md-bhnrc/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center/methods-and-application-of-food-composition-laboratory/mafcl-site-pages/purine-content-of-foods/)
- [S27: USDA/ODS-NIH purine database documentation Release 3.0](https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400535/Data/Purine/PURINEDATABASEDOCUMENTATION2026.pdf)
- [S28: USDA/ODS-NIH purine database and data sources Release 3.0](https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400535/Data/Purine/PURINEDATABASEANDDATASOURCES2026.xlsx)
- [S30: InformedHealth/IQWiG: What can I do on my own to prevent gout attacks?](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507000/)

[S02]: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10563586/ "2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout"
[S15]: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK590600/ "NICE Evidence Review I: Diet and lifestyle modifications for gout"
[S26]: https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md-bhnrc/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center/methods-and-application-of-food-composition-laboratory/mafcl-site-pages/purine-content-of-foods/ "USDA ARS: Purine content of foods dataset landing page"
[S27]: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400535/Data/Purine/PURINEDATABASEDOCUMENTATION2026.pdf "USDA/ODS-NIH purine database documentation Release 3.0"
[S28]: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400535/Data/Purine/PURINEDATABASEANDDATASOURCES2026.xlsx "USDA/ODS-NIH purine database and data sources Release 3.0"
[S30]: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507000/ "InformedHealth/IQWiG: What can I do on my own to prevent gout attacks?"

## Educational scope

Gout Life provides general educational information, not medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Talk with a qualified healthcare professional about symptoms, medicines, and treatment decisions. Do not delay medical care because of information on this site. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your local emergency number.